Senin, 22 Januari 2018

CLAUSES AND KIND OF SENTENCES



1.      Definition of Clause
A clause a group of related words is a group of words that has verb and predicate. A clause can be used to develop sentences. Clause divided into two, independent or main clause and dependent or subordinate clause.

1.1.Independent Clause
Independent or main clause is clause that can stand alone and make sense by itself. It does not need to be joined to any other clauses, because it contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentence.
Independent clauses have three components:
a)      They have subject – they tell the reader what the sentence is about.
b)      They have an action or predicate – they tell the reader what the subject is doing.
c)      They express a complete thought – something happened or was said.
For example: I like to eat scrambled egg for breakfast.

1.2.Dependent Clause
Dependent or subordinate clause is clause that cannot stand alone, it depends on another clause to make it a complete sentence. Dependent clause usually begins with subordinating conjunction, a relative pronoun, or some other word that causes it to become dependent. Dependent clause can come after, before, or in the middle of independent clause. There are three types of dependent clauses: relative, noun, and adverbial.

1.2.1.      Relative Clause
A relative clause is an adjective clause that describes the noun. It is not a complete thought. They are used in sentences to further describe the noun. It can be identified if it contains a subject and verb and begin with relative pronoun (whom, whose, who, which, that) or relative adverb (when, where, why).
For example: The key was already gone when your mother came.

1.2.2.      Noun Clause
A noun clause is a short of dependent clause that functions as a noun in relation to the main clause. They are typically offset with “that”, “which”, or “what”.
For example: The letter which is written with blue pen is yours.

1.2.3.      Adverbial Clause
Adverbial clause functions like an adverb, indicating time, place, condition, contrast, concession, reason, purpose, or result. Typically, adverbial clause is set off with a comma and a subordinating conjunction.
For example: You’ll never know a thing, unless you read my messages.  

1.3.Another Types of Clauses
1.3.1.      Comparative Clause
Comparative clauses use adjective or adverbs such as “like” or “than” to draw a comparison. They are also known as proportional clauses.
For example: Brad plays pool better than me.

1.3.2.      Complementary Clause
A complement clause functions like adjectives modifying a subject. They usually begin with a subordinating conjunction and modify the subject-verb relation.
For example: I never expected that you’ll be a billionaire in Vegas.

1.3.3.      Concessive Clause
Concessive clause is used to contrast or justify the main idea of the sentence. It is typically set off by a subordinating conjunction.
For example: Because I saw you freezing, I turned off the air conditioner.

1.3.4.      Conditional Clause
Conditional clause is easy to recognize because it usually begin with the word “if”. A type of adjectival clause, conditional clause expresses a hypothesis or condition.
For example: If I were you, I would not buy that car.

1.3.5.      Coordinate Clause
Coordinate clause usually begin with the conjunction “and” or “but” and expresses relativity or relationship with the subject of the main clause.
For example: I love singing, but she prefers dancing.
  
1.3.6.      Reporting Clause
Reporting clause is commonly known as attribution because it identifies who is speaking or the source of what is being said. They always follow the noun or noun clause.
For example: “You’re act too much!,” shouted Ben.

1.3.7.      Verbless Clause
This kind of subordinate clause may not seem like one because it lacks a verb. Verbless clause provide tangential information that informs but is not directly modifying the main clause.
For example: For your goodness, I will keep this speech short.

1.3.8.      Finite Clause
A finite clause typically contains a verb in the present tense form. It can be a main clause or a subordinate clause.
For example: He broke her heart. (main clause)
                                                    She said that he broke her heart. (subordinate clause)

1.3.9.      Nonfinite Clause
A nonfinite clause does not contain any present or past tense verb. It usually subordinate clause. There are three main types of nonfinite clause:
He didn’t mean to break her heart. (to-infinitive clause)
He remembers breaking her heart. (-ing participle clause)
They replaced the glass broken by me. (-ed participle clause)



KIND OF SENTENCES

1.      Simple Sentence
a)      Definition
Simple sentence is a sentence which has one independent clause. Simple sentence has no dependent clause.
b)      Characteristic
-          It contains subject, verb, and predicate
-          It expresses a single complete thought that can stands on its own
c)      Examples
-          I can do it by my own.
-          Dad bought a new car yesterday.
-          Mom made me a bowl of chicken soup.

2.      Compound Sentence
a)      Definition
Compound sentence is a sentence which has two independent clauses.
b)      Characteristic
-          Contains two simple sentences.
-          Contains coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
c)      Examples
-          I tried to reach you so I called you many times
-          My brother has a new toys and my sister has a new dress
-          I love to drink coffee but he loves to drink tea
3.      Complex Sentence
a)      Definition
Complex sentence is a sentence which made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clause.
b)      Characteristic
-          Either lacks of subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought.
-          Always has a subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or relatives pronouns (who, that, which).
c)      Examples
-          I went to the office although I was sick.
-          After we had breakfast in Depok, we went to Bandung.
-          She was crying when she knows he stop calling.

4.      Compound Complex Sentence
a)      Definition
Compound complex sentence is a sentence which has at least two independent clauses and at least one independent clause.
b)      Examples
-          Although I feel guilty for ignoring my father, I apologized to him the next day, and we hang out together on that day.
-          I tried to stop drinking coffee, but I need to be awake tonight, I drink it again.

REFERENCES:

http://www2.ivcc.edu/rambo/eng1001/sentences.htm
http://cls.ccu.edu.tw/pdf/course/w1-2_SentenceTypesAndFunctions.pdf
http://www.sjsu.edu/writingcenter/handouts/Sentence%20Types%20and%20Functions.pdf
http://www.lamission.edu/learningcenter/docs/asc/worksheets/grammar/sentence%20types.pdf
http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/simple_sentence.htm